Description
Synonomy - The name Micropterus salmoides was once used by some authors to refer to Micropterus dolomieu (Smallmouth Bass). (e.g. Abbott 1877; Cope 1879; Uhler and Lugger 1876).
Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animalia | Chordata | Osteichthyes | Perciformes | Centrarchidae | Micropterus |
Synonyms
Invasion History
Chesapeake Bay Status
| First Record | Population | Range | Introduction | Residency | Source Region | Native Region | Vectors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1864 | Established | Stable | Introduced | Regular Resident | North America | North America | Fisheries(Fisheries Intentional) |
History of Spread
Micropterus dolomieu (Smallmouth Bass) is native to the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and Missisippi basins, from south Quebec to ND and south to north AL and east OK (Page and Burr 1991). It was widely introduced by United States Fish Commission (USFC) and state fish commissions. In 1893 the United States Fish Commission shipped mixed batches of M. dolomieu and M. salmoides (Largemouth Bass) to 29 states as 'Black Bass' (Worth 1895). Micropterus dolomieu was introduced to CA in 1874 (Carlander 1977). Shipments and stocking by United States Fish Commission continued into the 1920's. After 1905, M. dolomieu and M. salmoides were listed separately in United States Fish Commission records. Stocking was continued by many state agencies to the present. Micropterus dolomieu now have been introduced to river systems in 43 states, including HI (Fuller et al. 1999). They are introduced and established in the Hudson River, which they colonized via the Erie Canal (Mills et al. 1997), in Atlantic Coast rivers from Chesapeake Bay to the St. John River, New Brunswick, the San Francisco Bay Delta, and the Columbia River (Cohen and Carlton 1999; Fuller et al. 1999; Schmidt et al. 1986). In addition, they have have been introduced to Hawaii, Europe, Asia, Africa, Mauritius, and South America (Food and Agriculture Organization 1998; Lever 1996).
James River- In 1871, M. dolomieu was stocked by the Virginia Fish Commission in the middle and upper drainage. By 1877, they were found down the river to Richmond, where they may be resident in tidal fresh water (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993).
York River- Micropterus dolomieu was probably stocked in 1875-76 (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993).
Rappahannock River- Micropterus dolomieu was probably stocked in 1875-76 and developed a popular fishery by 1882 (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993). It is common in the upper tidal fresh river (Massman et al. 1952; Maurakis et al. 1987).
Potomac River- In 1854, 20 adult M. dolomieu were carried from the Ohio River drainage in a locomotive water-tank and released in the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal (Smith 1907). Additional stocking in Potomac drainage occurred from the 1860s onward. By 1876, the first MD fish survey reported that M. dolomieu 'abounds' in the Potomac in Montgomery, Frederick, and Washington Counties (Uhler and Lugger 1876). 'Inside of ten years, the fish literally swarmed in all the tributaries from Mount Vernon to the Headwaters. At the present time the species offers much sport from Washington to Harpers Ferry and beyond, but is not common below the capital' (Smith 1907). This still seems to be an accurate description of its distribution (Jenkins and Burkehead 1993; Lippson et al. 1979), but it was present in nontidal streams at Fort Belvoir VA (Ernst et al.1995).
Patuxent River In 1897-1905; 'Black Bass' were stocked by United States Fish Commission (USFC) (Ravenel 1898; Bowers 1907). Four thousand M. dolomieu were stocked by the United States Fish Commission in 1907 (Bowers 1908). In the late 1940s, they were 'relatively common at a few localities in the freshwater part of the drainage', but did not occur in the estuary (Mansueti 1950).
Susquehanna River- Micropterus dolomieu was stocked in the Susquehanna sometime around 1869 (PA Department of Fisheries 1904; cited by Bielo 1963), and was abundant by 1893 (Bean 1893). A resident population below Conowingo Dam moves from non-tidal waters in winter and spring to tidal fresh waters as oxygen concentrations in the nontidal river drop in summer (Pavol and Davis 1982).
Upper Bay - Micropterus dolomieu was reported by Bean (1883) at Havre de Grace, MD 'Black Bass' were planted at Principio Creek, 1893, by the USFC (Worth 1895), and M. dolomieu were stocked in the Little and Big Gunpowder River by United States Fish Commission in 1909-1910 (Bowers 1911). This species was collected in the Bohemia River (Fowler 1912; Radcliffe and Welsh 1917) and at Love Point (Hildebrand and Schroeder 1928). One specimen was caught in the the Rhode River at SERC in 1983 (Rob Aguilar, personal communication).
Eastern Shore Tributaries - 'Black Bass' were stocked in the Tred Avon River, at Easton MD in 1901, and in the Pocomoke River at Snow Hill MD in 1901-1907 (Ravenel 1902; 1903; 1904). In 1905, 129< i>M. dolomieu were stocked in the Blackwater River, Cambridge MD (Bowers 1906). However, the distribution of Smallmouth Bass is very localized on the Eastern Shore (Lee et al. 1976; Lee et al. 1981). They were collected at one location in the Choptank River drainage in a recent MD Department of Natural Resources survey (Kazyak et al. 1998c).
Delaware River- Micropterus dolomieu was present in the Delaware estuary at Trenton NJ by 1873 (Abbot 1877), probably introduced by private stockings, or perhaps through canals from the Hudson. There were also numerous stockings, including one in the Delaware River, PA (405 fish) (Bean 1893), and in Brandywine Creek, DE, in 1888 and 1903 (Raasch and Altemus 1991). These bass are now resident in the Delaware estuary (Horwitz 1986; Raasch and Altemus 1991).
History References - Abbot 1877; Bean 1883; Bean 1893; Bielo 1963); Bowers 1907; Bowers 1911; Carlander 1977; Cohen and Carlton 1999; Cope 1869; Ernst et al.1995; Food and Agriculture Organization 1998; Fowler 1911; Fowler 1912; Fuller et al. 1999; Hardy 1978; Hildebrand and Schroeder 1928; Horwitz 1986; Jenkins and Burkhead 1993; Kazyak et al. 1998c; Lee et al. 1976; Lee et al. 1981; Lippson and Moran 1974; Lippson et al. 1979; Mansueti 1950; Maurakis et al. 1987; Page and Burr 1991; Pavol and Davis 1982; Raasch and Altemus 1991; Radcliffe and Welsh 1917; Ravenel 1898; Ravenel 1902; Schmidt et al. 1986; Smith and Bean 1898; Smith 1907; Uhler and Lugger 1876; Worth 1895
Invasion Comments
History of Spread - A report of M. salmoides from tidal Delaware River, 1873 (Abbot 1877) refers to M. dolomieu, as does the Maryland record of Uhler and Lugger (1876). This confusion accounts for Hildebrand and Schroeder's (1928) attributon of the invasion history of M. dolomieu in the Potomac to M. salmoides (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993).
Ecology
Environmental Tolerances
| For Survival | For Reproduction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | |
| Temperature (ºC) | 4.4 | 35.0 | 18.3 | 26.7 |
| Salinity (‰) | 0.0 | 7.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Oxygen | hypoxic | |||
| pH | 4.1000000000 | 9.3000000000 | ||
| Salinity Range | fresh-meso |
Age and Growth
| Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum Adult Size (mm) | 187.0 | 187.0 |
| Typical Adult Size (mm) | 450.0 | 450.0 |
| Maximum Adult Size (mm) | 686.0 | 686.0 |
| Maximum Longevity (yrs) | 14.0 | 14.0 |
| Typical Longevity (yrs | 9.0 | 9.0 |
Reproduction
| Start | Peak | End | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reproductive Season | |||
| Typical Number of Young Per Reproductive Event |
|||
| Sexuality Mode(s) | |||
| Mode(s) of Asexual Reproduction |
|||
| Fertilization Type(s) | |||
| More than One Reproduction Event per Year |
|||
| Reproductive Startegy | |||
| Egg/Seed Form |
Impacts
Economic Impacts in Chesapeake Bay
Impacts of Micropterus dolomieu (Smallmouth Bass) in the tidal waters of the Bay are probably limited by the low abundance of this primarily freshwater river species, but it is an important gamefish in western shore rivers above the Fall-Line (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993) and in the Susquehanna River below Conowingo Dam (Pavol and Davis 1982).
Fisheries- Micropterus dolomieu (Smallmouth Bass) is a major sportfish in nontidal rivers entering Chesapeake Bay and a minor sportfish in the upper Bay (e.g. lower Susquehanna; Susquehanna flats, Northeast River MD, (Elser 1960; Mansueti 1964; Plosila 1961). Fishing columns in the 'Washington Post' and fishermens websites indicate that anglers fish for this bass as far downstream as Key Bridge in Georgetown, on the Potomac, and just below the Fall Line, in Fredericksburg, on the Rapphannock and in Richmond, on the James (Fofonoff, personal observation).
Micropterus dolomieu also has a negative impact as a major predator on other fishes. Its introduction was blamed for declines of shad and other fishes (See 'Ecological Impacts'). Currently, M. dolomieu is a predator on larval Alosa sapidissima (American Shad) being stocked in nontidal waters for restoration of Susquehanna populations (Johnson and Dropkin 1992) and probably on other juvenile sport and game fish.
References - Elser 1960; Fofonoff, personal observation; Mansueti 1964; Plosila 1961; Johnson and Dropkin 1992
Economic Impacts Outside of Chesapeake Bay
Micropterus dolomieu (Smallmouth Bass) has been widely introduced in Atlantic drainages and elsewhere in North America, as well as many places worldwide (Hardy 1978; Page and Burr 1991). This bass is a highly prized sportsfish (Carlander 1977; Jenkins and Burkhead 1993). Its negative fisheries impacts on Atlantic drainage fish communities and fisheries have not been well studied. Effects on freshwater fishes are probably small, because most of the native freshwater species coincide with M. dolomieu in other parts of their range. However, interactions with anadromous fishes such as Alosa sapidissima (Atlantic Shad), A. pseudoharengus, (Alewives), etc. are likely (e.g. Johnson and Dropkin 1992). Introductions of M. dolomieu and other large perciforms are likely to have more significant effects on more isolated watersheds which may have fewer or no large native predators.
Micropterus dolomieu has been introduced to waters outside its native range in 36 states (including Hawaii), and several Canadian provinces (Fuller et al. 1999). It has also been introduced to several locations in Europe, South Africa and Fiji (Lever 1985).
References- Carlander 1977; Fuller et al. 1999; Hardy 1978; Jenkins and Burkhead 1993; Johnson and Dropkin 1992; Lever 1985; Page and Burr 1991
Ecological Impacts on Chesapeake Native Species
Impacts of Micropterus dolomieu (Smallmouth Bass) in the tidal waters of the Bay are probably limited by the low abundance of this primarily freshwater river species, but it is an important predator above the Fall-Line (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993) and in the Susquehanna River below Conowingo Dam (Pavol and Davis 1982).
Competition - Juvenile growth of M. dolomieu in the Potomac drainage (MD) was slowed in the presence of introduced Ambloplites rupestris (Rock Bass) and native Lepomis auritus (Redbreast Sunfish) (Sanderson 1958).
Predation- Micropterus dolomieu (Smallmouth Bass) is one of the major piscivorous species in nontidal Chesapeake tributaries and in the tidal Susquehanna. In the tidal Susquehanna, major native prey species included Etheostoma olmstedi (Tesselated Darter), Morone americana (White Perch), and Dorosoma cepedianum (Gizzard Shad) (Pavol and Davis 1982). Soon after its introduction, M. dolomieu was blamed by fisherman for the decrease of shad and 'chubs, minnows, and suckers' in the upper Potomac (Ferguson 1877). Ferguson considered that while 'Black Bass' were responsible for significant predation, dams, and other obstructions of fish movement were the major factor in decline of these fishes and of bass populations themselves in the upper river.
Jenkins and Burkhead (1993) and others have suggested the introduction of large predatory fishes [primarily M. dolomieu, M. salmoides (Largemouth Bass), and Ictalurus punctatus (Channel Catfish)] may have been responsible for the extinction of two small benthic fishes, Percina caprodes (Logperch) in the Potomac, and Percopsis oniscomaycus (Troutperch), in the entire Chesapeake drainage. Predation on juveniles of many other species is likely. Micropterus dolomieu fed heavily on larval shad (Alosa sapidissima) newly released in the Susquehanna River in PA , within 30-60 minutes after stocking (Johnson et al. 1992). The extent of predation on natural larval populations of A. sapidissima and other anadromous fishes in the Chesapeake Basin is not known. In CA, predation by M. dolomieu was correlated with a decline in the native cyprinid Mylodon conocephalus (Hardhead). M. dolomieu may have had adverse effects on other native species (Dill and Cordone 1997).
Micropterus dolomieu is also important as a predator of crayfishes (Rabeni et al. 1992) and probably other large benthic invertebrates in streams. For M. dolomieu in the tidal Susquehanna River, insects and crustaceans together comprised 29% of food items by number, but only 1.6% of volume, suggesing that crayfishes were not important as prey in those waters (Pavol and Davis 1982). Juvenile M. dolomieu are predators on zooplankton and smaller benthos, but usually could be expected to be much less numerous than smaller centrarchids (Enneacanthus spp., Lepomis spp.), and so should have little impact on planktonic foodwebs.
References - Carlander 1977; Dill and Cordone 1997; Ferguson 1877; Jenkins and Burkhead 1993; Johnson et al. 1992; Pavol and Davis 1982; Rabeni et al. 1992; Sanderson 1958
Ecological Impacts on Other Chesapeake Non-Native Species
Impacts of Micropterus dolomieu (Smallmouth Bass) in the tidal waters of the Bay are probably limited by the low abundance of this primarily freshwater river species, but it is an important predator above the Fall-Line (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993) and in the Susquehanna River below Conowingo Dam (Pavol and Davis 1982).
Competition - Micropterus dolomieu (Smallmouth Bass) and M. salmoides (Largemouth Bass) overlap spatially to some extent, but M. dolomieu prefers clear flowing fresh water, while M. salmoides prefers slowly flowing or still water; and range much farther into estuaries. Both species eat primarily large insects, crayfish, and fish, but M. salmoides is more piscivorous (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993). When kept in aquaria together, M. dolomieu select smaller prey than M. salmoides of similar size, and are more likely to capture prey near the substrate, while M. salmoides are more likely to feed in the water column (Winemiller and Taylor 1987). After its introduction in 1853, M. dolomieu rapidly colonized the Potomac down to Mount Vernon but soon became rare in tidal waters below Washington (Smith 1907). This range contraction coincides with the introduction of M. salmoides which rapidly became abundant in tidal waters (Smith and Bean 1898) and is suggestive of competition.
Micropterus punctulatus (Spotted Bass) and M. dolomieu have both been introduced in the James and York River systems. These species are similar in food and habitat preference (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993). Trophic overlap and probable competition was noted between early juveniles of Micropterus dolomieu and M. punctulatus in Claytor Lake VA, in which both species fed on similar food items, in similar habitats. Micropterus dolomieu appeared to inhibit M. punctulatus (Kelso and Ney 1982).
Food preferences of adult M. dolomieu and Stizostedion viterum (Walleye) are similar; but M. dolomieu eat more crayfish, reducing competition (Carlander 1977). In a TX reservoir, M. dolomieu preferred shallow coves with submerged brush, while S. vitreum preferred open water and rocky shorelines (Schlagenhaft and Murphy 1985).
Juvenile growth in the Potomac River, MD was slowed in the presence of introduced Ambloplites rupestris (Rock Bass) and native Lepomis auritus (Redbreast Sunfish) (Carlander 1977; Sanderson 1958). In the Niagara River NY, competition was reduced by differences in microhabitat and food preference, with M. dolomieu juveniles preferring less vegetated sites and larger prey (George and Hadley 1988).
Predation - Micropterus dolomieu is a major predator of introduced sunfish species, including Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill), and Lepomis cyanellus (Green Sunfish). (Carlander 1977). It is also an important predator on crayfishes (Carlander 1977; Rabeni 1992), probably including the introduced Orconectes virilis.
References - Carlander 1977; George and Hadley 1988; Jenkins and Burkhead 1993; Kelso and Ney 1982; Rabeni 1992; Schlagenhaft and Murphy 1985; Smith 1907; Winemiller and Taylor 1987
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